European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) remains the cornerstone of pharmacological management in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as it significantly reduces the risk of atherothrombotic events. The risk of such events is highest during the early post-procedural period and declines gradually over time.^[1]

However, prolonged DAPT is associated with an increased risk of bleeding, which can adversely impact overall clinical outcomes.^[2] This has led to the development of abbreviated DAPT strategies that aim to balance the competing risks of thrombosis and bleeding.^[3]

With advancements in stent design—particularly the introduction of reduced-thrombogenic and biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents (DES)—along with improvements in PCI techniques and the availability of more potent and safer antiplatelet agents, optimizing the duration of DAPT has become a key area of focus. Abbreviated DAPT, followed by antiplatelet monotherapy, has shown encouraging results in recent trials.^[4-7]

Current clinical guidelines suggest that abbreviated DAPT may be a reasonable strategy to reduce bleeding risk, particularly in patients with stable ischemic heart disease after PCI.^[8] Selected patients may also benefit from transitioning to P2Y₁₂ receptor antagonist monotherapy after 1 to 3 months of DAPT, based on individualized ischemic and bleeding risk assessments.^[8]

In light of emerging data from recent randomized trials, we performed an updated meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive evaluation of abbreviated DAPT (A-DAPT; <3 months) compared to standard DAPT (>6 months) following DES implantation in patients with CAD.

This meta-analysis complied with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines 2020 (PRISMA).^[9] The requirement for ethics committee approval was waived as the present research was a meta-analysis of published studies.

Data Sources and Search Strategy

A systematic search was performed across the electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane, and EMBASE) for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing abbreviated DAPT (<3 months) with standard therapy (>6 months). The keywords used for the search were: antiplatelet therapy, DAPT, aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary syndrome and drug-eluting stent. The studies were reviewed for eligibility if they were published in peer-reviewed journals from inception to April 2025. Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for inclusion and collectively for retrieval of data into electronic spreadsheets. Any disagreements were resolved by consensus.

Study Selection

Studies were eligible for inclusion if they met the following criteria:
(i) enrolled patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation;
(ii) provided a direct comparison between abbreviated DAPT (≤3 months) and standard DAPT (≥6 months);
(iii) involved random allocation to any form of antiplatelet monotherapy following the initial course of abbreviated or standard DAPT;

(iv) reported outcomes at a minimum follow-up of one year or longer.

There was no restriction regarding the type of antiplatelet monotherapy prescribed (aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel), concomitant use of anticoagulant therapy, the presentation of patient, or risk for bleeding.

Studies were excluded if they (i) involved timing strategies that did not align with our predefined criteria (ii) used bare metal stents (iii) study design other than RCTs (iv) published in language other than English (v) irretrievable data.

Outcome Variables

The primary end point was net adverse clinical events (NACE), defined as a composite of major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and bleeding. MACCE was defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, stent thrombosis (ST), and target vessel revascularisation (TVR). The secondary end points included MACCE, major bleeding, all bleeding, all-cause mortality, cardiac mortality, MI, stroke, ST (definite or probable according to Academic Research Consortium), and TVR.

Major bleeding was defined by Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria ≥ 3, and if the data was not reported in the studies, our approach was to prioritize those definitions which resemble more with the Academic Research Consortium recommendations.^[10,11]

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was done using Review Manager 5.3 freeware package.^[12]

Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval was used as summary statistic. Pooled RR was calculated using Mantel–Haenzel random-effect models. Heterogeneity in the studies was assessed by the I² statistic with I² <25% represents mild, 25% to 50% moderate, and >50% as severe heterogenicity. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

A sensitivity analysis was performed by sequentially removing each trial from the pooled effect estimates to evaluate the robustness of our findings. Subgroup analyses were also done according to: (i) post abbreviated-DAPT use of a potent P2Y12 inhibitor (i.e. ticagrelor) vs. other oral antiplatelet agent (aspirin or clopidogrel) (ii) duration of antiplatelet treatment in the short arm (1 month vs. 3 months). Funnel plots were used to assess publication bias for each outcome. The methodological quality of the randomised trials was assessed by the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias (RoB) 2 tool.^[13]

Fig. 1. PRISMA schematic flow diagram. PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Trial Characteristics

Systematic search across the electronic database identified 93 potentially relevant studies out of which 13 RCTs met the criteria for inclusion in the meta-analysis.^[14-26] The flow diagram for the trial selection is illustrated in Fig. 1. Following adjudication with the application of the eligibility criteria, 13 RCTs were included in the analysis. A total of 50,491 patients were enrolled in the study and randomized to either A-DAPT (<3 months, n=24,809) or standard therapy (>6 months, n=25,363). The mean age of patients was 64±4.19 years and women comprised 17-37% of the trial population among different studies. Among the population enrolled, 70.03% of the patients had acute coronary syndrome (ACS) requiring PCI. A summary of the baseline characteristics of the study population is shown in Table 1.

Table 2: Baseline characteristics of included trials

ACS: acute coronary syndrome; CCS: Chronic coronary syndrome; SCAD: Stable coronary artery diseases

The 13 trials encompassed 50,491patients out of which 70.03 % presented with ACS. All patients had undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with implantation of drug-eluting stents (DES). They were randomized to either abbreviated DAPT (≤3 months, n=24,809) or standard therapy (≥6 months, n=25,363). Abbreviated DAPT duration was 3 months in 7 trials, 1 to 2 months in one trial and 1 month in 5 trials. Antiplatelet agent used in monotherapy after abbreviated DAPT was aspirin in 3 trials, aspirin or a P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor) in 2 trials, ticagrelor in 6 trials, clopidogrel in one trial, and any P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor) in one trial. The key characteristics of the included trials are summarized in table 1. Notably, OPTIMIZE and 1-month DAPT trial excluded acute MI patients. However, OPTIMIZE trial enrolled patients with recent (<30 days) MI. TWILIGHT trial excluded patients presented with ST segment elevation MI (STEMI). Follow up duration ranged from 12-24 months, but the present analysis was based on the follow up data at the end of 12 months to maintain homogeneity and consistency. Two trials, TWILIGHT and MASTER DAPT enrolled patients with high bleeding risk.

Clinical End Points

Abbreviated DAPT was associated with 15% lower risk of the primary end point of NACE when compared with standard therapy (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76-0.94; P=0.002; I²= 40.4%) Fig. 2. Pre-specified subgroup analysis based on the use of more potent P2Y12 inhibitor (ticagrelor) post DAPT suggested a reduction in NACE (p = 0.002). There is mild heterogeneity between results from the trials within each subgroup that requires further exploration (I²=28.5% in ticagrelor subgroup; 0% in other antiplatelet agents’ subgroup). However, subgroup analysis for duration of abbreviated DAPT (3 months vs. 1 month) showed no significant difference in NACE (p=0.213).

Fig. 2. The Forest Plot presents pooled estimates comparing abbreviated DAPT and standard DAPT across various outcomes

The risk of major bleeding and all bleeding events were found to be 37% and 35% lower in abbreviated DAPT compared to standard DAPT (RR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.49-0.82; P=0.0006; I²= 57.1%), (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.49-0.87; P=0.003; I²= 81.7%) respectively. Subgroup analysis does not show any significant difference.

No significant difference was found in the risk of MACCE (RR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.80-1.11; p=0.475), all-cause mortality (RR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.87-1.12; p=0.797), cardiac mortality (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.69-1.08 p=0.204), MI (RR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.79-1.22; p=0.899), stroke (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.70-1.13; p=0.328), ST (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.83-1.46; p=0.509), and TVR (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.80-1.06; p=0.244) when abbreviated DAPT was compared with standard therapy. However, there was statistically significant, qualitative subgroup effect with no heterogeneity in TVR based on ticagrelor as monotherapy after abbreviated DAPT and duration of abbreviated DAPT (p= 0.013 and p=0.049 respectively, I²= 0.0%).

Fig. 3. Risk of bias graph

Risk of Bias Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis

The Cochrane’s Risk of Bias (RoB) 2 tool indicated low risk of bias in the majority of trials except GLOBAL LEADERS trial and SHARE trial which showed high risk of bias and 1-month DAPT trial which showed some concerns (Fig. 3). It was due to deviations from the intended interventions particularly in the adherence. Low adherence rates were found in all these trials which could have affected the outcome. Moreover, no appropriate methods were used to address its influence.

The funnel plot showed symmetrical distribution of the mean effect size for all endpoints. This suggests low risk of publication bias of the included studies. Sensitivity analysis was done by excluding one study at a time which did not alter the statistical significance of the overall results. No major influence was observed in either of the subgroups pointing towards the robustness of the study findings.

Table 2: Comparative analysis of the present study with the previously conducted meta-analyses

NM: not mentioned

Significant Findings of the Meta-Analysis

Firstly, the risk of net adverse clinical events (NACE) was significantly reduced with abbreviated DAPT (<3 months) compared to standard DAPT, despite moderate heterogeneity among the included studies. NACE provides a comprehensive assessment of the balance between thrombotic and bleeding risks associated with DAPT. The moderate heterogeneity observed could be attributed to varying definitions of NACE across trials; however, most trials consistently reported key components, with the TWILIGHT trial being the only notable exception.^[19]

Secondly, abbreviated DAPT significantly reduced both major bleeding and overall bleeding events. Importantly, this reduction in bleeding risk did not come at the cost of increased ischemic complications, such as myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, all-cause mortality, or stent thrombosis. The high heterogeneity observed in bleeding endpoints likely stems from the use of different bleeding classification criteria across studies.^{[14,15,21,23]} To address this, the present meta-analysis prioritized bleeding definitions most aligned with the Academic Research Consortium recommendations.^[11]

Thirdly, ticagrelor monotherapy after abbreviated DAPT showed a net clinical benefit compared to aspirin or other P2Y12 inhibitors. It was associated with a significant reduction in NACE and a unique decrease in target vessel revascularization (TVR), without compromising ischemic safety. Given ticagrelor's potent platelet inhibition, this result is particularly meaningful in high-risk acute coronary syndrome (ACS) populations.^[4]

Additionally, ischemic endpoints remained unaffected by abbreviated DAPT. No significant differences were observed in cardiovascular mortality, MI, stroke, or stent thrombosis compared to standard DAPT. Notably, a significant reduction in TVR was observed in the subgroup receiving ultrashort DAPT (<1 month)—a finding unique to this meta-analysis and one that warrants further investigation.^[27-29]

Comparison with Previous Meta-Analyses

Several recent meta-analyses have evaluated the impact of abbreviated DAPT compared with standard-duration therapy.^[4-7] While all reported a reduction in major bleeding, some also demonstrated reductions in MACCE and NACE.^[4,5] A recent study published in 2025 reported a reduction in all-cause mortality.^[30] Although it claims to be based on a large cohort of 54,233 participants, it included studies with abbreviated DAPT durations of >3 to <6 months, those that reported outcomes at only one month following DAPT, and those comparing antiplatelet monotherapy with DAPT. Therefore, the findings should be interpreted with caution. Another study reported reduction in both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.^[4] None, however, showed significant increases in ischemic events such as MI, stroke, or stent thrombosis—findings consistent with the present study. A comparative narration of their significant findings and limitations is shown in table 2.

This updated meta-analysis stands out by including the largest patient cohort to date—over 50,000 individuals undergoing PCI with DES. By incorporating the latest clinical trials and including a broad range of patients with both acute and chronic coronary syndromes, it more closely reflects real-world practice. Unlike prior analyses, no restriction was placed on the class of antiplatelet agent used in monotherapy following abbreviated DAPT. This approach enhances the generalizability and applicability of our findings and provides a comprehensive view of the implications of early DAPT discontinuation in contemporary practice.

Limitations

The findings of this meta-analysis should be interpreted in the light of several limitations. Firstly, this was a study-level analysis and thus inherits the limitations of the individual trials. The absence of patient-level data restricted our ability to assess the impact of specific baseline characteristics on clinical outcomes. Secondly, the included population consisted of patients with both acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), encompassing a wide spectrum of bleeding and ischemic risks. While this heterogeneity could influence the consistency of findings, our analysis showed that the presence of ACS did not significantly alter the overall effect estimates, suggesting the applicability of abbreviated DAPT even in higher-risk patients. Nevertheless, 70% of the included patients were from the ACS subgroup. Thirdly, there were differences in how NACE and bleeding endpoints were defined across the included trials. Although an attempt had been made to address this by prioritizing definitions that closely reflect standard criteria, some residual inconsistencies may still influence the pooled outcomes. Fourthly, while all included studies employed drug-eluting stents (DES), differences in stent type and design—ranging from second- and third-generation to biodegradable polymer stents—could have affected the clinical results to some extent. Additionally, certain trials (e.g., MASTER-DAPT, STOP DAPT-2, and ULTIMATE DAPT) enrolled only patients who remained event-free at one month or until discharge, introducing a potential selection bias that we were unable to adjust for. Finally, this meta-analysis did not specifically assess patients undergoing complex PCI procedures, such as bifurcation lesions or left main stenting, which may limit the generalizability of our findings to these subgroups.

This meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials, including over 50,000 patients undergoing drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation, demonstrates that abbreviated dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) of less than 3 months followed by antiplatelet monotherapy is associated with a significant reduction in net adverse clinical events (NACE) compared to standard DAPT of 12 months or longer. The observed net clinical benefit was primarily driven by a substantial reduction in both major and overall bleeding, without a corresponding increase in ischemic events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, or stent thrombosis.

Funding: No funding was received for this work.

Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Authors' contributions

AM: conceptualization and methodology. AM and AS: investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing original draft AM: Review and editing. All authors read and approved the final content.

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